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This net signal of virtual rotation is estimated based on the responses of afferent populations within the labyrinth, assuming that both canal and otolith afferents respond to the electrical stimulus. 15 , 24 The expectation of a minimal signal related to translation was based on the near symmetry of otolith afferents across the macular striola of the utricles. 41 To minimize cutaneous cues of GVS, we applied an anesthetizing skin cream [Lidocaine (25 mg ⋅ g −1 ) and Prilocaine (25 mg ⋅ g −1 ), TEVA, Haarlem, Netherlands] on the skin 30 min prior to the

opposite sets of canals via GVS results in a neuronal response that is congruent with physical motion. Unlike the canals, the otolith organs do not exhibit this same duality, and the net stimulus of linear acceleration produced by each utricle and saccule individually is hypothesized to be near zero, regardless of the GVS current amplitude or electrode montage. 40 This hypothesized net-zero effect has been estimated from the arrangement of hair cells innervating the otolithic maculae about the striola. During physical linear accelerations, subregions of the hair cells