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perception speed, the effect will be greater when combined with sleep deprivation, the response will be prolonged, and the accuracy rate will decrease in the middle and late stages. MRI results showed that sleep deprivation impairs the function of the brain’s attentional network and the control of the cerebral cortex over the lower center is weakened. Under the Martian time conditions of a non-24-h light–dark cycle (24.67 h), although the human sleep–wake activity rhythm can be synchronized with the environmental time, the internal rhythm indicators of the human body are

termination based on volitional fatigue or an inability to increase the power level for the next stage. For some individuals a “light” protocol was implemented. The “light” protocol is similar to the above, except the initial target load was 40 W and increased by 20 W every minute thereafter. Familiarization session. During the familiarization session, target workloads were determined for each of the three experimental sessions (continuous exercise, 4-min intervals, and 30-s intervals). A linear relationship between watts and oxygen usage was used to estimate

. Statistical Analysis From the original R-R interval sequence, time-domain indices of HRV (SDNN, RMSSD) were calculated for each candidate pilot for a 60-s plateau at 2 G and for the entire test. While the conventional minimum recording is 5 min, researchers have also proposed ultra-short time periods of 10 s, 30 s, and 60 s. 18 Correlation of time-domain indices of HRV was made between the group that met the criteria and the group that did not. For data processing, the Mann-Whitney U -test [also called the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (MWW/MWU), Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or

.001), and normal operation length, defined as short haul (SH), medium haul (MH), long haul (LH), ultra-long range (ULR), or on-call operations (χ 2 = 202.23, P < 0.001). As shown in Table I , the greatest number of respondents indicated “pilot” as their job position. Commercial was the most common industry and SH operations were the most common normal operation length. Table I. Respondents by Job Position and Operation Length. Rank order responses to Q4–Q5 are depicted in Fig. 2 . Items are displayed in descending rank order and are numbered by rank