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loss still occurs in the lumbar spine and femur. 38 – 40 Although exercise may be considered sufficient for short duration spaceflights, pharmacological countermeasures should be considered for longer spaceflights. To date, only alendronate has been assessed with a bed rest study 26 and clinical trial during spaceflight. 25 While demonstrating maintenance of bone density, the method of administration and common side-effects are an issue, with 2 out of 11 astronauts participating in the in-flight study withdrawing due to gastrointestinal side