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Toluene is a highly flammable substituted aromatic hydrocarbon and a benzene derivative. 1 It is present in scientific payloads and spacecraft systems including the Russian oxygen-generating system (unpublished NASA data, Toxicology of Spacecraft Air, https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/esdmd/hhp/toxicology-analysis-of-spacecraft-air/ ). The presence of toluene in spacecraft air has been detected in various missions at trace amounts (<0.013 ppm) and in rare off-nominal instances at higher levels (64 ppm). 1 NASA has established limits in spacecraft air for

For several decades, NASA has developed limits for chemical contaminants in spacecraft air and water per guidelines set forth by the National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology. 2 These guidelines are predicated on standard toxicology risk assessment practices, but capture spaceflight-specific considerations, such as a healthy adult population and limited but continuous exposure durations. Human studies are preferred over animal studies where available, and studies with total exposure durations equivalent or similar to the durations of interest for

Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is not generally detected in spacecraft atmospheres. However, it is a potential product of combustion and NASA has therefore established limits to support crew response to an off-nominal contamination of the habitable spacecraft volume. NASA utilizes Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to airborne contaminants during spaceflight. Short-term (1-h and 24-h) SMACs for benzene were originally set by James and Kaplan, 3 based a lack of hematological effects

life support than the tape to secure an intravenous line); however, work on partial weighting of resources and capabilities to compare the relative contribution each has in diagnosing and managing a condition is underway. Relatedly, the dose structure may overcount certain items, especially those present in multiple conditions or with prolonged treatment times. Finally, the current model only accounts for the presence of resources and does not account for variation in task success by provider expertise nor the presence of the physical volume in the spacecraft needed