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/unloading, bone loss is perhaps the most insidious. This is because unlike muscle atrophy, bone mineral density (BMD) losses in microgravity, which occur at slower rates than those for muscle, may never return to their preflight levels, even long after resumption of postflight ambulation. 51 , 60 While a recent review examined BMD in the non-weight-bearing skeleton, in-vitro animal and human bone cell physiology in microgravity, as well as molecular therapies to mitigate bone loss, the current literature review takes a different approach to focus on the impact of