Microgravity contributes to several physiological changes during spaceflight, which include loss of hydrostatic pressure within fluid columns (arterial, venous, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymphatics), reduced gravitational loading, diminished sensory input, and changes in transcapillary and lymphatic exchange systems.
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These adverse effects manifest as adaptations in various organ systems in astronauts, including the cardiovascular, immune, musculoskeletal, and genitourinary systems.
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Another area of involvement that has been extensively studied in