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the last decade is the visual system. Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) represents a pathological maladaptation to microgravity that may persist upon return to Earth and may even be permanent. 9 Neuro-ophthalmic changes were more often seen in long- ­duration spaceflight. The most common symptom of SANS reported by crewmembers is decreased near-field visual acuity, due to a hyperopic shift. The physical manifestations are optic nerve protrusion, optic disc edema, posterior globe flattening, choroidal folds, and retrobulbar expansion of the