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basis for evaluating levels of soluble markers of neuroinflammation in peripheral blood is that inflammatory mediators released from glial activation cross the BBB and enter the systemic circulation, promoting proliferation of peripheral immune cells. On the other hand, cytokines originating from peripheral immune cells also enter the brain parenchyma and act on glial cells, while proinflammatory mediators also modify the permeability of the BBB. Hence, neuroinflammation may follow systemic inflammation. 25 , 32 MCP-1 is a chemokine that promotes monocyte