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exercise-induced strains and nutrition on bone in spaceflight and ground-based models. 57 Collectively referred to as “bone loss countermeasures” by the spaceflight community, the singular and combined effects of exercise and nutrition warrant continued inquiry to preserve skeletal health and integrity in astronauts and other disuse atrophy conditions. However, it is first important to understand the mechanisms and magnitude of BMD losses incurred from spaceflight and other disuse atrophy analogs. As it relates to spaceflight, it is important to discuss mechanisms