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vasodilation to lower intracranial pressure and restore proper cerebral blood flow, as blood and spinal fluid begin to pool in the head. Symptoms include nausea and a visual symptom called “red-out”, followed by G-LOC. Exposure to negative G z also can reduce tolerance to positive G z maneuvering (i.e., the “push-pull effect”). There are no known effective countermeasures to negative G z exposure. Thus, combat maneuvers avoid large or prolonged negative G z exposures. More lengthy reviews of G z effects can be found in Kirkam et al. 8 and many other sources. An