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toward motion sickness and the prevalence of anxiety responses during centrifuge spaceflight simulation, 14 or the finding that higher-fidelity training, even when abbreviated, appears to be as effective in ensuring physiological tolerance of nominal flight as longer, stepwise training experiences. 2 However, previous literature has lacked tangible evidence regarding operational performance of laypersons in such environments, particularly when under stress or in off-nominal circumstances. Efforts to simulate emergencies or operational inputs in prior studies

successfully participate in human centrifugation simulating suborbital spaceflight. 2 Even so, this unique case report provides limited data by which to evaluate other individuals of varied cardiovascular health or structural defects. Further, suborbital spaceflight is, by nature, limited in duration, thus incurring relatively brief hypergravity exposures and a similarly limited timeframe in which an SFP would be unable to receive medical support. 5 , 27 In contrast, the longer-duration acceleration profiles of orbital spaceflight may pose increased risk to an abnormal

high G outside of centrifuge research. All subjects undertook between three and five familiarization sessions to achieve confidence and competence using both old and new endpoints and, if required, G-suit inflation. The final familiarization session took place less than 24 h before the first trial run. To minimize any potential remaining effects of a G layoff, a G warm-up (see below) preceded each trial run. The study protocol was approved by the UK Ministry of Defense Research Ethics Committee (MODREC 2002/MODREC/20). Written informed consent was obtained from all