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-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) was developed for high-risk patients and is rapidly becoming the procedure of choice (e.g., Mick Jagger). Treatment of atrial fibrillation has been revolutionized by the advances in cardiac electrophysiology to map and perform highly focused ablation of foci of abnormal rhythms. Guidelines are well supported for medications for rhythm control and structural heart disease, anticoagulation, and procedures or devices to reduce thrombus formation in the atrial appendage (e.g., Watchman device). Over the next decade, we will

pathway by inducing the expression of tissue factor, mainly found on monocytes. 55 Interestingly, proinflammatory cytokine levels remained elevated in patients despite halting anticoagulation therapy. Further, high levels of IL-6 sustained after VTE have been correlated to post-disease complications. 53 , 54 Often referred to as the “messenger cytokine”, IL-6 activates many proteins involved in the thrombosis pathway, such as fibrinogen. 60 Studies have been able to correlate IL-6 plasma levels to cases of VTE. 46 Further research is necessary to understand the

thrombosis occurred on the ISS, one of which was found in real time, resulting in concurrent anticoagulation therapy. 1 , 26 Findings included stagnant and reversed jugular blood flow in 6 out of 11 crewmembers studied. 26 Possible mechanisms for the development of SANS and a neck deep vein thrombosis are currently not known, but could include chronic partial intracranium/neck outflow obstruction due to loss of hydrostatic forces, which induces a headward fluid shift, or other possible small secondary increases in intracranial pressure. It is also