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Joint reaction forces across all postures and helmet conditions. A single asterisk denotes significant differences at P < 0.05, double asterisks P < 0.01, and triple asterisks P < 0.001. A) Compression. The dashed horizontal line indicates 10% of the estimated compressive tolerance (390 N) of the C5-C6 functional spinal unit (3.9 kN). B) Anteroposterior shear acting on C5. These can be thought of as the required anteriorly directed force sustained by the joint to prevent C5 from accelerating posteriorly. The bold dashed line (50 N) indicates 10% of the estimated shear tolerance (500 N) of the C5-C6 functional spinal unit. C) Mediolateral shear.