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pilot nude bodyweight lower in order to keep the AUM within the engineered crashworthiness envelope. This has been followed closely by the Army Air Corps, as well as the complicating factor of longitudinal increases of body mass index for pilots over a service career. To inform future policy formulation related to body composition of aviation applicants, a recent retrospective analysis of longitudinal changes in body mass index for British Army Apache pilots demonstrated a mean increase of approximately 0.5 kg of weight per year (similar to the general population

hours was higher for RW than other aircraft types (twice that of fast-jet), with greatest numbers among Apache and Wildcat airframes. 14 With the operational requirement to fly increasingly complex platforms within more challenging environments (e.g., degraded visual environments [DVE], low-level terrain flight, complex mission sets, and nonpermissive tactical airspace), SD remains among the greatest physiological threats to RW aircrew. 3 , 9 Previous reviews of UK RW SD accidents have established that inattention (36%) or visual misinformation